1. Heat that is produced when a current flows through an electric resistance is called joule heat, which in turn causes thermal vibration to occur. Heat is generated by the vibrations of the atoms within a material; these continuously moving atoms make it more difficult for electrons to pass through as the heat increases. Thus, this impedes the current's flow. It is like moving through a hallway full of people. If everyone is standing still, it is easy for you to maneuver around. But, if everyone is moving all at once, it becomes more difficult to traverse through the hall.
2. Incandescent bulbs rely on thermal emission to produce visible light. The thermal energy in the bulb is released as electromagnetic waves, producing both heat and light.
3. A superconductor is a material that has next to no impedance of electron movement due to atomic obstruction. This happens in most metals when made cold enough, though most materials need to approach absolute zero in order to achieve superconductivity. Today, superconductivity is used in digital circuits, powerful electromagnets, radiography machines, and particle detectors.
4. Ampere's law states that magnetic fields are generated in a circular pattern around the conductor of a current.
5. A current of the same size flowing in the same direction through two wires side-by-side produces a stacked magnetic field that encompasses both wires; it also creates a force of attraction between them.
6. If a current of the same size flows through the two wires in opposite directions, a force of repulsion is created and their respective magnetic fields disappear.
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