Maria | Online Presentation

Maria | Manga ch. 3

1.  When food is digested, heat is produced. So when electricity flows through an electrical resistance, heat is also produced.

2.  Because of thermal emission, as temperature rises the lightbulb becomes brighter.

3.  A superconductor is a material that can conduct electricity with zero resistance below a certain temperature. They can be used as superconducting electromagnets, such as in maglev trains.  Metals can become superconductors at low temperatures.

4.  Ampere's Law states that for any closed loop path, the sum of the length element times the magnetic field in the direction of the length element is equal to the permeability times the electric current enclosed in the loop.

5.  The magnetic fields generated in each wire are combined to generate a magnetic field of twice the current around both conductors. A force of attraction is also generated between the two wires.

6.  A force of repulsion is generated between the wires. The magnetic fields negate each other and become smaller.

Maria | Manga CH. 1

1.  Microwave                    |    Wattage: 1560 W  Amp: 13 A    Volts: 120 V
                                            Cost(kWh): 15min use/24 hr = 15min use/60 min = 0.25 kWh * 1560 W =    
                                                                0.390 kWh * $0.121 =  approx. $0.5/day

2.  Hair Dryer                     |    Wattage: 1800 W  Amp: 15 A     Volts: 120 V
                                            Cost(kWh): 15 min use/24 hr = 0.25 kWh * 1800 W = 0.450 kWh *            
                                                                $0.121 = approx. $0.6/day

3.  T.V.                                |     Wattage: 600 W   Amp:  5 A       Volts: 120 V
                                            Cost(kWh): 180 min use/24 hr = 3 kWh * 600 W = 1.8 kWh * $0.121 =
                                                                 approx. $0.22/day

4.  Stove (med. burner)     |     Wattage: 1500 W  Amp: 6.25 A    Volts: 240 V
                                           Cost(kWh): 120 min use/24hr = 2 kWh * 1500 W = 3.0 kWh * $0.121 =
                                                               approx. $0.36/day

5.  Water Heater                 |    Wattage: 4500 W   Amp: 18.75 A  Volts:  240 V
                                            Cost(kWh): 150 min use/24 hr = 2.5 kWh * 4500 W = 11.250 kWh *
                                                                $0.121 = $1.36/day

I can plug two appliances into one outlet with a 20 Amps breaker; the hairdryer and the TV without tripping the breaker. Hairdryer (15A) + TV (5A) = 20 A. I cannot plug the hairdryer with the microwave because it will trip the breaker. Hairdryer (15A) + Microwave (13 A) = 28 A. I cannot include the stove and water heater because of the voltage differences are not compatible.

I used the Energy Use Tier I and Electric Fuel Adjustment for the calculations. GRU total charge without taxes and fees is approx. $0.121 kWh.

Also, I found out that older appliances consume more electricity than the rated label. I should consider changing to newer energy-efficient models. All of this is based off my November Electric Bill (11/30/2015). Average Electric Daily Consumption is $11.03. The total approximation of costs for the appliances listed above is $3.04. $11.03 - $3.04 = $7.99 approx. the cost of the other appliances used at home that are not listed above.

I found out that electric appliances are divided by two types: Resistive run and Motor run appliances.
Resistive run appliances consume the same amount of electricity from the time of start until stop of use. Motor run appliances depending on the configuration from the very first few seconds can consume 2.5 up to 5 times the rated consumption.


Read pages 1-36 in Tha Manga Giude to Electricity and post questions to blog.
Calculate how much it costs to use five common appliances that you use every day in your home for 24 hours. Please let me know the applicance, its wattage, amps and volts of each appliance and how you calculated cost. You will need to go to GRU or look at one of your electric bills.

How many of those appliances can you plug into one outlet without tripping a breaker? Please do this mathematically rather than through direct experience.

Maria | LEDS

Maria | Tom Igoe interview

I think that it's effective to have a hands-on approach to physical computing in order to better understand the hardware. The concept should drive the technology to make the piece stronger overall,  it also helps when dealing with troubleshooting problems. I disagree that art cannot bring anything important to physical computing, it can if the concept is strong. Collaboration is definitely important, and creating your own business does give one more power over how to create and at what price their product can be sold at. Collaborating can be the hardest part when communication between partners is not strong, so once that's done the planning stage to how whatever it is that needs to be done is what will determine who will do what jobs in that collaboration.

Maria | Manga questions ch. 5

wd

1.  LEDs are an example of a semiconductor device.

2.  Because electricity cannot pass freely through it.

3.  N-type semiconductors have an extra electron, giving it a negative charge. P-type semiconductors have a hole, giving it a positive charge.

4.  A diode prevents the electric current from going back and forth, forcing it to only go in one direction. N-type and P-type semiconductors join together to create a diode, where the positive side is the Anode and the negative side is the Cathode.

5.  Rectification allows electricity to flow only in one direction.

6.  The raw material of the semiconductor is dependent on what color the LED gives off. The color of an LED depends on where on the visible light spectrum that particular color is, for example; the color red is between 620-750 nm.

7.  The Collector Current can change significantly in response to a slight change in the Base Current. So it can be adjusted using the Base Current.

8.  Because it has no physical contact, a transistor doesn't wear out and is less likely to fail.

Maria | Ch. 8

Kayla Evans Fritzing of perma board from final proect

Xbee - Fail

I was working on this and was having issues and then pulled the SparkFun USB XBee Explorer  and XBee Series Radio apart too quickly. I'm so sorry :(

Manga 4

1. What is an example of a semiconductor device?

Resistor

2. Why is silicon used in the manufacture of semiconductors? 

It is refined to be virtually 100% pure.

3. Discuss the difference using an example of the difference between and N-type and P-type semiconductor.

P means it is Positive for holes. N means Negative for electrons. N-type is a negative semiconductor. P-type is a positive semiconductor. P-type has excess holes and missing electrons while n-type has free electrons.

4. In your own workd describe what a dioode does and the role of N and P type semiconductors.

A diode allows electrical current to flow in one direction. A diode is made up of p-type and n-type semiconductors.  Made from p-n junction.

5. What is rectification?

It allows current to flow in one direction.

6. What causes color in an LED? Give and example of what causes a particular color.
An LED emits light when it is activated at the P-N junction. An LED releases photons(energy) and the light color correlate. The material used in the semiconducting element of an LED determines its color. LED's that emit different colors are made of different semi-conductor materials.

7. What is the relationship between base current and collector current in a transistor?
Base current is where the current flows from the base to the emitter with collector current as the base current flows, current from the collector begins to flow to the emitter as well.

8. What are the advantages of a transistor over a switch? 

Transistor has no contact, it’s easy to use, less likely to have damage, faster, and you have more control.

Manga 3

What is the relationship between heat and electricity. Please provide a metaphor.

When the electricity flows through a resistance heat is generated. A metaphor is like when you are driving it’s like the electric flow, traffic is the resistance, and heat is when your able to drive progressively (and get to class on time).

Why is it warm near an incandescent light bulb?

It’s warm because of the Thermal Emission. The thermal energy is emitted because the temperature of substance increases.

What is a superconductor? What are they used for in real life? You may have to look this up. How could one make a metal a superconductor?

Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity with zero resistance below a certain temperature. Mercury was historically the first to show superconductivity. “Magnetic-levitation is an application where superconductors perform extremely well. Transport vehicles such as trains can be made to "float" on strong superconducting magnets, virtually eliminating friction between the train and its tracks.” You lower the pressure and cool a metal to make a superconductor.

http://www.superconductors.org/uses.htm

What is Ampere's Law?

When the current flow goes through the electrical wire magnetic fields are generated and create a circular pattern. This is Ampere's Law.

If current of the same size flows in the same direction in two electric wires placed side by side, what happens?

They will be attracted to one another.

What happens if current of the same size flows in opposite directions in two electric wires placed side by side?

They will resist one another.

Please read about Flemings Left and Right Hand Rule. Think about this Rule with respect to the motors we have made this week.

It how the direction of flow is controlled. The left hand rule is in charge of direction of the current, the DC motors left hand force is in charge of the way the motor turns.

11/18 - CATCHING UP Labeling a Circuit Board

circuit board of a wifi router

11/18 - CATCHING UP Tom Igoe

I really love what Tom Igoe has to say in this interview, particularly the bit where he talks about his ex-students. He is asked if they manage to live from their art and what paths are available to them after graduation and he responds that he does not want his students to "think of their careers in such a cut-and dried way." Basically, he says that "pure" artists who work solely in the art world are missing out. He says that those who work at art and commercial work create much more interesting work because "you learn so much from working for and with others that strengthens your artwork" and that "you'd be a fool not to collaborate to work for others from time to time."
This really resonates me because our field is so interdisciplinary. Many of us want to have careers that don't really fit in the art world but would also prefer to not be cookie-cutter commercial workers. I think it is heartening to know that someone else agrees that the most interesting work comes from those who do not think so black and white. I hope to have a commercial job someday in which I can utilize all that I have learned from studying art and hopefully,t hat will make me that much better.

11/18 - CATCHING UP Online Sensor Presentation

11/18 - CATCHING UP All Manga Exercises

Manga Guide 1 Pg 1-36
Calculate how much it costs to use five common appliances that you use every day in your home for 24 hours. Please let me know the applicance, its wattage, amps and volts of each appliance and how you calculated cost. You will need to go to GRU or look at one of your electric bills. How many of those appliances can you plug into one outlet without tripping a breaker? Please do this mathematically rather than through direct experience.

1. 19" TV 150 W 60 Hz
2. Sharp Microwave 1000 W AC 120V 60 Hz
3. GE fridge
4. Kenmore dryer
   240V 30 Amps
5. Kenmore washer
   120 V 15 Amps

I cannot calculate the cost because I do not get a separate electricity bill at my apartment. It is included with my rent.

Two can be plugged in without tripping a breaker.

Manga Guide 2 Pg 36-80
1. Document yourself creating some static electricity and post to blog. Use the triboelectric series to decide which materials to use to generate static electricity. 

2. Contrast the speed of an electron with the speed of electrical motion in one sentence.
3. Briefly explain the relationship between resistance and energy. Use an example from your house.
4. What is the difference in AC and DC current? Give and example of each from your daily life. If you get shocked,
5. Determine the equivalent resistance of a 6.0 Ω and a 8.0 Ω resistor if …
a. … connected in series.
b. … connected in parallel.
Check out this exhibition where artists use electricity in their work.https://www.samuseum.org/files/Generally-Electric-Tour.pdf

I create some static electricity here by rubbing together a blanket that is fresh from the dryer. I decided to do this after remembering how static fuzzy blankets get after coming fresh out of the dryer.

An electron's speed is much slower than the speed of light (less than 1% of the speed.)

Resistance halts or slows the speed or flow of energy. Appliances that work with heat, such as hair dryers, require a lot of resistance so they don't overheat or use too much energy. 

AC means alternating current while DC stands for direct current. The difference is the direction in which the current flows--direct goes in one direction while alternate goes both ways.

The equivalent resistance of a 6.0 Ω and a 8.0 Ω resistor if connected in a series is 14 ohms and if connected parallel, 3.4 ohms.

Manga Guide 3 Pg 90-116

1. What is the relationship between heat and electricity. Please provide a metaphor. Heat is produced with electricity flows through an electric resistance, like how heat is produced when we eat and digest food. Electricity generates heat because of the thermal vibration in something.
2. Why is it warm near an incandescent light bulb? Incandescent light bulbs emit light and heat through thermal emission (infrared rays are emitted and then, as the temp rises, so does visible light.)
3. What is a superconductor? What are they used for in real life? You may have to look this up. How could one make a metal a superconductor? A superconductor has zero electrical resistance and can conduct electricity almost perfectly. One example of a superconductor is superconducting magnets that are used in MRI machines. Metals must be cooled extensively in order to become superconductors.
4. What is Ampere's Law? Ampere's Law is when magnetic fields are generated in a circular pattern when current flows in electrical wire.
5. If current of the same size flows in the same direction in two electric wires placed side by side, what happens? The electric magnetic fields with become one large magnetic field and the wires will be attracted to each other.
6. What happens if current of the same size flows in opposite directions in two electric wires placed side by side? Opposite directions in the flow of the current will make them resist each other.

Manga Guide 3 Pg 156-195

1. What is an example of a semiconductor device? A thermal resistor
2. Why is silicon used in the manufacture of semiconductors?  The purity of refined silicon is 99.99999999999%. The silicon crystal also doesn't have any freely moving electrons so electricity will hardly pass through it.
3. Discuss the difference using an example of the difference between and N-type and P-type semiconductor. N-type means that there is a negative electrical property as opposed to P-type, that has a positive electrical property. Electrical conductivity increases for P-tpe semiconductors.
4. In your own words describe what a diode does and the role of N and P type semiconductors. A diode is when a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor are combined to form a p-n junction.
5. What is rectification? Rectification allows current to flow in only one direction.
6. What causes color in an LED? Give and example of what causes a particular color. The wavelength of the light emitted depends on the raw material of the semiconductor. InGaN creates a high-brightness blue color in an LED.
7. What is the relationship between base current and collector current in a transistor? Base current is the current that flows from the base to the emitter whereas the collector current is the current that flows from the collector to the emitter (which flows when the base current flows.)
8. What are the advantages of a transistor over a switch? Unlike a regular switch, a transistor has no physical contact and won't fail from being worn out. Also, it can be turned on and off rapidly so control can be fine-tuned.

Kayla Evans Chapter 10

Documentation of 10_1:
https://vimeo.com/149400067

Kayla Evans Chapter 8

Documentation of 8_1:
https://vimeo.com/149400073
Link to correct 8_1: https://vimeo.com/149400271
8_2:
https://vimeo.com/149400066

ANNIE KLOPP | PBS's Transistorized

Part 1:  
This part of the video  was blocked on youtube for copyright reasons,  :(  so, I just skipped to the following parts.

Part 2:
AT&T knew that if they were able to meet the demand for increasing phone services, they had to further their research in the field of vacuum tubes. At this point in time, AT&T's business relied on relays and vacuum tubes.  Their business would be limited by those two types of devices.  Instead, they progressed research in the field of Semiconductors like Silicon and Geranium.

In World War two, the radar made huge improvements for tracking enemy planes and ships. However, semiconductors and radars were connected. The research about these two devices lead to researching the resistor.

Anyway, AT&T was still swamped with increasing demand. Shockley and Kelly headed the research in semiconductors. In spring of 1945, real research began to happen with the semiconductor amplifier. His idea was to attach a battery two-piece to have semiconductor.

Part 3:  
There were things happening on the surface of the semiconductor that prevented Shockley's first device from working. It was preventing the field from penetrating into the body of the material that the electrons were trapped on. The two were conducting many experiments to figure this out.

They tried dipping the silicon and geranium into liquid nitrogen.  There was also the concern that the liquid was slowing it down. Instead, they tried injecting positive charges directly into the geranium.

Part 4:  

Shockley's invention was working but the surfaces were loose.  He wanted to create a sandwich to strengthen the surface.

Shockely's greatest concern changed to legal issues, however.  He would not be credited as the sole inventor and other companies were pursuing the patents for it. The department wanted to credit the entire team, although it was mostly only Shockely's work.

Part 5:  
Part 5 was also blocked on Youtube due to "copyright material" :(

Part 6:  
The Fairchild Semiconductor company was created. The new semiconducor was sold in 1965 and was the newest, biggest change in the direction of the whole industry. The contributors on the documentary went so far as to say that we can thank our laptops and computers today to the work of Shockley's semiconductor.

Sadly, Shockley "should be comparable to Bill Gates" with the magnitude of his invention. Unfortunately this simply just didn't happen.

ANNIE KLOPP | Manga Electricity Part Three

Page 90-116

Question 1:
What is the relationship between heat and electricity. Please provide a metaphor.
First of all, a calorie is a measurement of heat.  When this heat is flowing through electricity it is measured in joules, as in "joule heat." Why does electricity create heat?  This is because the atoms within a substance are always moving due to their electrons: "thermal vibration." Heat and thermal vibration have a positive correlation. When an object is heated, its atoms move more.  In this way, resistance and using resistors "cools" your current by slowing down the speed of movement and therefore heat.  

One metaphor for this relationship is an engine. As you accelerate in your car, alternating speeds, you generate resistance.  Your car is going to generate more heat as a result than it would at a constant or resting speed. 

The metaphor explained in the book is a train station. As the train station gets busier, it is harder and harder to cross and get to your destination due to the traffic. This would create great heat with its greater resistance. 

Question 2: 
Why is it warm near an incandescent light bulb?
As the temperature of metal increases, resistances increases as well. When this resistance occurs and the temperature is increasing as well, naturally, heat is generated as a result. We can see this heat in the form of infared light. We can also call this "thermal emission." Typical lightbulbs heat up as a result of their metal components, increasing temperature, and increasing resistance, and therefore, production of infared heat waves. 

Question 3: 
What is a superconductor? What are they used for in real life? You may have to look this up. How could one make a metal a superconductor?
When there is no resistance at all (no heat), the atoms are allowed to move freely and with ease.  

According to superconductors.org, MRI is one of the most common examples for the use of a superconductor.  Here is a quote from the website describing this superconductive process:  Doctors need a non-invasive means of determining what's going on inside the human body. By impinging a strong superconductor-derived magnetic field into the body, hydrogen atoms that exist in the body's water and fat molecules are forced to accept energy from the magnetic field. They then release this energy at a frequency that can be detected and displayed graphically by a computer. 

According to http://www.supraconductivite.fr/, you can create a superconductor at home with a magnet and liquid nitrogen. You would need to cool down the magnet with the liquid nitrogen (remember, the superconductors have zero heat!). This magnet can be so powerful that it can levitate, according to the website.

Question 4: 
What is Ampere's Law?

The book states that Ampere's Law is the phenomenon of magnetic fields moving around a wire in a circular direction. There is a polarity, however, associated with Ampere's Law, so the wires will move current in one of either two directions. 

Question 5: 
If current of the same size flows in the same direction in two electric wires placed side by side, what happens?

The two electric wires will attract to each other and combine to form one, larger magnetic field (as long as the current is facing the same direction). 

Question 6: 
What happens if current of the same size flows in opposite directions in two electric wires placed side by side?

However, if the currents flow in different directions in the wires, they will cancel each other out. Essentially, they "disappear" according to the text book. 

Question 7: 
Please read about Flemings Left and Right Hand Rule. Think about this Rule with respect to the motors we have made this week.

Fleming's Left and Right Hand Rule applies to DC motors. Force, magnetic field, and current are on a triple axis. Similar to my accelerometer, these will flow in three connected but different directions. If you were to stick out your left hand for example (left hand rule), and point: the magnetic field would flow in the direction of your index finger, the force would flow from your thumb, and the current would flow from your second finger next to your index finger (slightly different than magnetic field). 

Left hand rule determines the direction that a motor turns. The current of a DC motor flows toward the battery (upward). 

The right hand rule can be used to determine the direction of current from an electric generator.