1. A transistor is an example of a semiconductor device.
2. Silicon atoms have four valence electrons, which allow it to interlock with other silicon atoms to form a firm, gridded crystal. By introducing other elements with one more or less valence electron into this setup, a one way pathway for electrical current is created, resulting in a diode semiconductor.
3. An N-type semiconductor contains an additional element that provides an extra valence electron, thus making it a carrier of electricity. A P-type semiconductor contains an element that, when joined with the silicon material, results in an empty spot for an electron, or 'hole'. Electrical conductivity also increases for this kind of semiconductor.
4. When a P-type and N-type semiconductor are linked together, they form a diode. This forms a 'potential barrier' which allows current to only flow in one direction, from the P- to the N-type semiconductor.
5. Rectification is the property of a diode, where electrical current can only flow in one direction.
6. Colors in an LED are caused by the type of raw material in the semiconductor emitting different wavelengths. Aluminum gallium indium phosphide alloys are used in red, orange, and yellow LED's to produce the respective color light.
7. When the base current in a transistor flows, it also allows the often much greater collector current to flow as well.
8. Transistors, unlike switches, have no physical contact and thus don't wear out, reducing the likelihood of their failure. Also, since you can turn them on and off rapidly, the control can be fine tuned.
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